Vehicle Segment:
Compact to mid-size MPV/Van segment. Iconic for its utility, versatility, and distinctive design.
Competitors:
During its era, direct competitors were less common, but it competed for utility and lifestyle with vehicles like the Ford Econoline, Chevrolet Van, and later, more compact European vans.
Design Philosophy:
Rear-engine, rear-wheel-drive configuration, air-cooled engine, functional and spacious interior, distinctive 'Bay Window' front end on T2 models.
Versatility:
Adaptable for passenger transport, cargo hauling, and camper conversions.
Durability:
Known for its robust build quality and mechanical simplicity, making it amenable to DIY maintenance.
Engine:
Air-cooled flat-four engines (e.g., 1.6L, 1.7L, 1.8L, 2.0L).
Fuel System:
Carburetor systems (e.g., Solex, Weber), fuel pump, fuel lines, fuel tank.
Ignition System:
Distributor, ignition coil, spark plugs, wiring, timing adjustments.
Cooling System:
Air cooling system management.
Exhaust System:
Exhaust manifolds, mufflers, pipes, hangers.
Transmission:
Manual transmissions (4-speed), potentially early automatic transmissions (if applicable to specific models/years covered).
Clutch:
Clutch disc, pressure plate, release bearing, hydraulic actuation (if equipped).
Drivetrain:
Rear-wheel drive, drive shafts, reduction boxes (if applicable).
Suspension:
Front torsion bar suspension, rear spring plates, shock absorbers, kingpins (T1/early T2), ball joints (later T2).
Steering:
Steering box, steering column, tie rods, steering knuckle.
Brakes:
Drum brakes (front and rear), hydraulic lines, master cylinder, wheel cylinders, parking brake.
Electrical System:
12V system, battery, alternator, starter motor, lighting, dashboard instruments, wiring diagrams.
Body And Chassis:
Unibody construction, body panels, doors, windows, interior trim, chassis components.
Heating And Ventilation:
Heater boxes, ducting, ventilation controls.
Fuel And Emission Controls:
Fuel tank, filler neck, evaporative emission controls (where applicable).
Maintenance:
Scheduled maintenance, fluid changes, filter replacements, lubrication.
Diagnostics And Troubleshooting:
Systematic fault finding for various components and systems.
Disassembly And Assembly:
Detailed step-by-step procedures for component removal and installation.
Adjustments And Calibrations:
Carburetor tuning, ignition timing, brake adjustments, clutch adjustments.
Repair And Rebuilding:
Instructions for repairing major components like engines, transmissions, and brake systems.
Inspection And Testing:
Procedures for checking component wear, system function, and performance.
Wiring Diagrams:
Comprehensive electrical schematics for troubleshooting and repairs.
Special Tools:
Identification and usage of specific tools required for certain procedures.
Depth:
Comprehensive, from basic maintenance to complete engine and transmission rebuilds. Includes detailed explanations, pictorial diagrams, and exploded views.
Diagrams And Illustrations:
Detailed illustrations, exploded diagrams, drawings, and photos are included to guide repair procedures.
Specification Details:
Includes service data, specifications lists, tightening torques, checking and adjusting values, and allowable wear limits.
Configuration:
Air-cooled, horizontally opposed (flat-four) boxer engine.
Displacement Range:
Approximately 1.6L to 2.0L across the model years.
Horsepower Range:
Typically 50-71 hp, depending on engine variant and year.
Torque Range:
Approximately 70-100 lb-ft, depending on engine variant and year.
Fuel Delivery:
Single or dual downdraft carburetors (e.g., Solex 34 PICT/3, 32 DDIT).
Fuel Type:
Unleaded gasoline (post-lead regulations).
Maintenance Considerations
Valve Adjustment:
Requires periodic valve lash adjustments.
Carburetor Tuning:
Regular adjustment and cleaning of carburetors is critical for performance and efficiency.
Oil Change Interval:
Typically every 3,000-5,000 miles or 6 months, depending on driving conditions and engine type.
Tune Up Interval:
Spark plugs, points (if applicable), and timing checks generally recommended every 10,000-15,000 miles.
Engine Oil:
API SF/CD or equivalent, viscosity typically 20W-50 or 10W-30 depending on climate and specific engine recommendations. Mineral oil is standard for air-cooled engines.
Brake Fluid:
DOT 3 or DOT 4.
Transmission Fluid:
GL-5 gear oil (SAE 75W-90 or 80W-90).
Engine Overheating:
Can occur in heavy traffic or hot weather due to air-cooling limitations; ensure proper fan belt tension and airflow.
Rust And Corrosion:
Common in wheel wells, rocker panels, and door bottoms due to age and exposure.
Carburetor Issues:
Idle instability, fuel leaks, and wear of throttle shafts are common.
Suspension Wear:
Kingpins (T1/early T2) and ball joints (T2) require regular inspection and lubrication.
Brand Origin:
Germany, founded in 1937.
Type 2 Generations:
The Type 2 evolved through three main generations: T1 (Split Window, 1950-1967), T2 (Bay Window, 1967-1979), and T3 (Transporter, 1979-1992). This manual primarily covers the T2.
T2 Development:
The T2 was introduced in 1967, featuring a larger, more conventional 'Bay Window' front end, a wider track, and improved suspension over the T1. Engine options also evolved.
Production Locations:
Primarily Germany (Wolfsburg, Hannover), Mexico, Brazil, and South Africa.
Iconic Status:
Became a symbol of the counter-culture movement, surf culture, and van life due to its spaciousness and adaptability.
